Geography by Ian Updegrove

Geography is an important part for people to explore the world and colonize. I will talk about some stuff about different countries and their location. And also talk about why countries' locations can help during war.

SWITZERLAND

Switzerland is located between Germany, France, Italy, Liechtenstein and Austria. Switzerland is also surrounded by mountains. The Alps cover 58% of the land.

JAPAN

Japan borders no country, as it's an island. But the countries closest to Japan are the Koreas, Russia, and China. In the years 1274 and 1281, the Mongols tried to invade Japan but failed because of storms.

RUSSIA

Russia borders 14 countries. Some of them are Ukraine, Belarus, China, Finland, and Mongolia. There were about 6 countries that tried to invade Russia. France, Germany, and Sweden. But they failed due to the cold weather. But for Germany, it was poor strategic planning.

NEPAL

Nepal borders both India and China. Nepal is famously known for the Himalayas and Mt. Everest which is in the Himalayas. The Himalayas wouldn’t be here if it wasn’t for the Indian Tectonic plate colliding with the Eurasian Tectonic plate.



 



What is Luck? by Stella Loverich

What is luck?

This is one of those unanswered questions that are pondered but not quite understood by anyone.

The dictionary defines luck in many ways.

“Success or failure apparently brought by chance rather than through one's own actions.”

“Chance considered as a force that causes good or bad things to happen.” “A force that brings good fortune or adversity.”

“The events or circumstances that operate for or against an individual.”

“The phenomenon and belief that defines the experience of notably positive, negative, or improbable events.”

According to Natasha Josefowitz, “It is not only chance, it is creating the opportunity, recognizing it when it is there, and taking it when it comes. Whichever way you define it, it means the same. Something that is an unattached force that introduces good or bad fortune by chance based on superstition that is believed by someone. It’s based on chance. If you enter the lottery and you win, you are insanely lucky. But if you don’t? You aren’t “unlucky.”

You’re just part of the millions that don’t win. And if you win a soccer game, you aren’t lucky. You might have had a bad game. But it was always a chance that you wouldn’t, just how there are overwhelming odds in the lottery that you won’t win. 

Some people think that four-leaf-clovers are lucky. They’re rare, but they won’t make your life any better. If today, you find a four-leaf-clover, you’re just as likely to get in a car crash tomorrow as you were yesterday.

Others believe that crossing your fingers, knocking on wood, or horseshoes keep you lucky, but you only are lucky if you feel lucky. Luck is a slippery thing. The more you try to get, the less you have. So I guess what I’m trying to say is: luck is right in front of you, not in the clover.



The World's Obsession with Wordle by Lacey Sheaffer

If you’ve been on the internet at all in the past few weeks, chances are that you’ve seen posts with collections of white, green, and yellow emojis. These squares belong to a game that has been taking over the world lately: Wordle. 

To put it simply, Wordle is a word-guessing game. To play, you start out by guessing a five-letter word. Then, once you enter the word, each letter will turn a different color. If the letter is not in the word, it will turn gray. If the letter is in the word but not in the spot you had put it, it will turn yellow. Finally, if the letter is in the right spot, it will turn green. For example, if the word was ‘CRAZE’ and you guessed ‘TRACK’, the R and the A would turn green, the C would be yellow, and the T and K would turn gray. You have six guesses to guess the word and there is only one word a day. 

Wordle was created by a software engineer named Josh Wardle. He made it for his partner because of her love of word games. It was originally just meant to be for them. A few months later, this game rapidly became an obsession in his family’s group chat. When Josh saw how much people loved the game, he decided to release it to the rest of the world in October 2021. On November 1st, only 90 people played the game. Wardle could have never expected what was to come. 

Why has this game become so popular? Well, one possible reason is that it is so easy to share. After you finish playing, you are able to quickly share your results anywhere you want. This creates a sort of friendly competition. Players can try to guess the word in fewer attempts than their family and friends. Unlike many other online games and video games that are designed to make you play for as long as possible, Wordle is only available on a device once a day. In an interview with Newsweek, Wardle said that "The game won't allow you to binge or get addicted. In general, I'm pretty wary of apps that want to consume all of your time and maximize engagement like that. I just don't think that stuff's very nice to do to other people quite frankly." Wordle only being available once a day makes it a special experience for people. Wordle has no ads either. It’s refreshing to see a game that isn’t there for the money, but purely for the players’ enjoyment. 

One final reason why Wordle is so popular: virtually anyone can play it! All you need is an electronic device and some knowledge of words. The user interface is fairly simple and once you know how to play, there are no secret tricks. Anyone from an elementary schooler to a grandparent can play it, and they may even bond over their results. 

All the reasons have helped Wordle become the internet sensation it is today. Now, over 3 million people play Wordle every day. Recently, Wordle was bought by The New York Times for a price in the low seven digits. However, it still remains to be free. (At least for the time being.) Personally, I believe that Wordle is a significant thing in the world right now because it gives us a sense of connection. Even though it may not be as important as current issues, it’s something that everyone can have fun doing without any arguments. There are no personal views and biases brought into the game, it’s just pure fun. During times when everything in the world seems bad, everyone can go to a game like Wordle to give them a little bit of joy.

Image Source: MobileSyrup



Dangerous Beasts Could Save Lives by Madeleine Ko

Komodo dragons are the largest lizards on earth, with 60 shark-like teeth and a toxic bite. However, there may be something in their blood that can save lives.

 Komodo dragons' wounds rarely get infected, they like to eat bacteria filled carcasses, but rarely get sick from eating them. They seem to have an unbeatable immune system. A study found that it is something in their blood that protects them from infection. 

Some bacterial infections have become resistant to antibiotics.  Lots of people die  per year from these antibiotic resistant infections,  and that number is expected to rise to 10 million by 20 50.  Komodo dragons blood could be used to make new antibiotics that  bacteria are less resistant to. 

This isn't the first time  deadly animals have been used to make medication. In 2006,  venom from a taipan snake could stop bleeding during surgery. And in 2015, a scorpion in Mexico was found to kill certain cancer cells. “The most unlikely of animals is where the wonder drugs of tomorrow will be found.” Brian Fry, biologist,  told the Washington Post. 

Komodo Dragon

Supreme Court Predictions by Lacey Sheaffer

Stephen Breyer has recently announced that he will be retiring from the Supreme Court after almost 28 years. Stephen was a major part of the Court. He helped make many important decisions during his term. With his retirement, this leaves a space for President Biden to make his first appointment. 

During his campaign, Biden promised that he would appoint an African American woman to the Supreme Court. This will be monumental for our country because there has never been an African American woman on the court before. Doing so will be very important, especially now, because it offers more perspectives as well as adds diversity to the court. The Supreme Court currently has a 6-3 ratio with a conservative majority. With Stephen (a liberal) retiring, Biden’s appointment will not change this ratio.  


To be eligible to serve in the Supreme Court, a person must have practiced law for at least 10 years. They should represent the diversity of the population and have a variety of abilities, interests, and opinions. They are also evaluated by their character, knowledge, decision-making skills, common sense, work ethic, and more. 

With these qualifications in mind, there are already a few justices that people think may be appointed to the Court. 


Kentanji Brown Jackson

Source: AbovetheLaw.com

Probably the most popular pick is Kentanji Brown Jackson. She is currently a judge on the United States Circuit, as of June 2021. Before she became a judge there, she served as a US District Judge from 2013 to 2021. She served as a Vice Chair and Commissioner on the US Sentencing Commission for four years. She also had many other law-related jobs before this as well. Judge Jackson even served as a law clerk for three federal judges, including Stephen Breyer. She is a graduate of Harvard University, where she received a J.D. cum laude and served as a supervising editor of the Harvard Law Review, one of the most prestigious law reviews in the country. At 51 years old, Jackson has decades of service ahead of her. 


Leondra Kruger 



Image Source: New York Times

Another potential nominee is Leondra Kruger. Kruger is an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of California. If she is nominated, she will be the youngest ever Supreme Court Justice. She is a graduate of Harvard, where she had many honors. She received her J.D. from Yale Law where she was the Editor-in-Chief of the Yale Law Journal. After graduating, she served as a law clerk to two judges. She has also worked in many other law-related jobs, including as an Assistant to the Solicitor General and as Acting Deputy Solicitor General. She taught as a visiting assistant professor at the University of Chicago Law School.  In 2013 and 2014, she received the Attorney General’s Award for Exceptional Service, which is the Department’s highest award for employee performance. 


J. Michelle Childs 



Image Source: Law.com

J. Michelle Childs is currently a US District Judge for the District of South Carolina. She graduated from the University of Florida and then went on to attend the University of South Carolina School of Law, both of which she won full scholarships for. Her education is different from many other nominees as they traditionally have Ivy League backgrounds. After graduating, she became the first Black woman to be a partner in a major law firm in the state, an amazing achievement. She eventually left the firm and took high-ranking jobs at South Carolina’s Department of Labor and after that, the Workers’ Compensation Commission. In 2010, she was unanimously confirmed as a federal judge by the U.S. Senate. She strongly believes that the law is living and that it will affect people’s lives and rights. 


Overall, any of these Justices seem like they will be able to equitably serve on the Supreme Court and make a valuable impact on our justice system. 





Looking Beyond the Screen: The Pros and Cons of Getting a Phone by Camilla Thorsen

Middle school comes with many changes: changing classes, a longer school day, more electives, and, for many students, cell phones. But there’s a lot for parents and their kids to think about before purchasing one of these small communication devices, and it goes beyond the price tag. 

Owning and using a phone comes with benefits and responsibilities. According to Healthy Children.org, “When media is used thoughtfully & appropriately, media can enhance daily life. But when used inappropriately or without thought, media can displace many important activities such as face-to-face interaction, family-time, outdoor-play, exercise, unplugged downtime & sleep.” 

Nearly 62% of PFMS 6th graders own phones in order to more easily contact friends and family, listen to music and podcasts, use learning apps, and organize their schedules.

Carrot, 6th grader, uses their phone to keep in touch with family and friends that live far away. “[Phones] also help people connect with others on online communities,” Carrot said.

Mr. Kellander, 6th grade ELA and Social Studies teacher, agrees that phones are a great way to keep connected with people. “As a parent, being able to communicate with your child(ren) while they are away from home/school would be invaluable from a safety standpoint,” Kellander said. “Students can remain connected with classmates and teammates away from those activities or the school day.”

Phones can also have useful apps to help kids with their school day. Mr. Roth, 6th grade ELA and Social Studies teacher, said, “One benefit of middle school students owning a phone is the access to a wealth of knowledge through educational websites.”

Mr. Tranell, 6th grade Science and Math teacher, agrees. He thinks students “can use [phones] to help with certain worthwhile tasks, such as research, taking photos, videos, etc. as a hobby or for school projects.”

Carrot also uses their phone for the camera, calculator, and calendar.

In addition, apps can be used to help students keep track of their classes, assignments, and after-school activities. 

“I have observed students text messaging reminders to other students about homework assignments, materials/supplies for activities, and more,” Mr. Kellander said.

Not only teachers and students use apps to organize schedules, coaches do too! Mr. Kellander uses Remind as a basketball coach to keep his players organized and ready for the games and practices. He said he notifies “parents/players on my teams about dismissal/bus pick-up locations and times, and reminders for practice/game equipment.”

When students come to middle school, there are responsibilities. They mature. They learn to be cautious of being online. When people get phones, the responsibilities grow because they have access to more. 

Social media apps connect people, but they can also be very dangerous.

Mr. Roth thinks that social media can be a concern with children and adults alike. “There's a lot of danger in posting and trying to communicate in that environment,” he said. “It requires learning and experience, and many students simply aren't ready or well-equipped to navigate in that world.”

Dawn Meyers, 6th grader, agrees that social media can be hurtful to middle-schoolers because “it could set toxic/unrealistic goals to look like someone online.”

Getting a phone before students are mature enough could lead to making bad choices using social media.

“Some apps like TikTok could be setting dangerous dares online or could just be an innocent pass time,” Meyers said.

This is true not only in TikTok but in all forms of social media. 

“All social media can be harmful if used in a non-responsible manner or when things are posted that can be damaging to self or others,” Mr. Tranell said. “Many kids at this age don't seem to realize what they post is out there forever, even if they take it down.”

Mrs. Morrison, 6th grade Physical Education teacher, also notes how “many of the social media apps can be harmful to students' self esteem and overall self worth.”

These can be effects of cyberbullying, which is making a person feel bad through technology. Cyberbullying is often seen in social media, but it can also be found in texting and other apps. 

“Texting can be dangerous as well if students use it to bully, tease, gossip, or share inappropriate or illegal photos,” Mr. Tranell said.

Even though phones can be great tools for school, entertainment, and connecting people, phones tend to be very addictive for those same reasons. 

“A problem that middle school students run into with phones is they can be distracting and addicting,” Mr. Roth said. “It's simply too easy to have instant entertainment and social interaction, and too difficult to put down at the appropriate times.”

Madison Mikita, 6th grade student, also thinks the apps on phones are taking time away from other activities. “I think that owning a phone (depending on the person) might mean pulling out their phone and playing a game or watching TikTok every possible second and it can draw their focus from something more important,” Mikita said. “I also think people should be able to take a break from their phone and use their free time to do something like homework or reading a book.”

Mrs. Morrison also thinks that phones are taking away time not just from activities, but from friends. “The amount of time students are looking at a screen keeps them from being true kids and experiencing first hand events with friends.”

Josephine Schiff, 6th grader, thinks that phones can be damaging because kids can spend too much time on them, which “may impact the kids’ productivity.”

Mr. Tranell agrees. “Sometimes time on a phone exceeds recommended limits for healthy screen time for this age as set by the American Academy of Pediatrics.”

Being addicted to phones and social media can be accidental. You might get exposed to things on your phone (like social media), and you can’t resist checking other people’s feeds and posting for “likes.” “Having a phone adds this added pressure to post and make sure they are present on social media,” Mrs. Morrison notes. “This can suck them into their phone and cause them to miss what is going on right in front of them.”

There are many benefits for a 6th grader to own a phone, but there are just as many problems. It can be very useful for a kid to use apps like Remind, calendar, calculator, and camera. But apps like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, TikTok, and other social media can be harmful to students. It can be dangerous to get addicted to phones, which is why it is really important to be aware of your screen time. If you talk to your parents about getting a phone, explore the pros and cons of them and remember- there is more to getting a phone than the cost.


Being a Military B.R.A.T by Austin DuBois

You may think that calling somebody a brat is rude and highly uncalled for. However, in the case of a military child, it is perfectly fine. Military B.R.A.T stands for British Regiment Attached Traveler. This term can be traced all the way back to the 1700’s, but was more widely used after World War I. This term means that my parent, in my case my dad, is a part of the Army and I go wherever he goes with a few exceptions. One of the only exceptions is if my dad is deployed (on a mission to a foreign country). Since my dad’s job in the Army takes us all over the world and we move every 2-3 years, it makes it hard to answer the question where I’m from. When military brats get together they don’t ask other military brats where they are from. Instead, they ask where their parents are from and where they were last stationed (meaning where their parent was assigned to do their job and where their family last lived).

As a military brat you move a lot and moving becomes easier as you move more, but leaving your friends never becomes easier. The best thing about this is that you learn to be more flexible with your surroundings. Even if you have never moved in your life, you can still imagine how hard it is, but to move overseas it doubles the chaos. I have moved a total of six times and have lived in two countries and six states. 

The pros of being a military brat is that you get to experience all the things that a lot of kids don’t normally get to experience. More of the pros are that your dad has a really cool job, and he saves the world and keeps us safe. Another cool perk to being a military brat is when you turn 10 (the holy grail of birthdays for a military brat) you get to have this amazing card called a military ID. The ID will get you into all the army facilities and allows you to shop at the commissary (military grocery store) for after school snacks without your parents. All these pros are awesome, but the biggest pro is that you become a part of this big military community that supports each other and helps each other through hard times. We military brats know what it's like to not be able to grow our roots too deep, but the roots we do grow stretch far and wide and give us all the support we need. 

Image Source: https://www.defense.gov/



In this Month in History… February. Written By ‘Austravich’

In February these events happened throughout human history:

I. In 1662, Koxinga, general of the Chinese Military Seized Taiwan after 9-Months of battle.

Image Source: WikiCommons

For the longest time, the Dutch Republic ruled over Taiwan, and used it as a major Military and Resourceful stand point. The Chinese believed it was their land, and, siege commenced late-1665. The dutch had colonized it (first) and used it to influence new farming methods in the eastern part of the world. There had been previous conflict between the Chinese and Dutch, but was at a docile state until then. The Chinese attacked first, and the Dutch were attempting to compel them back to the mainland, so the Dutch could carry on with trade. The Ming Dynasty would eventually triumph over the Dutch, and take the island of Taiwan with it.


II. In 1942, the US committed to the Marshals-Gilberts Raids-- the first offensive attack against the Japanese.

Image Source: Wikipedia

After the Japanese committed the seemingly useless and devastating attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, the US would fight back with strategic air raids. This didn’t just include aircraft carriers and planes, but other naval forces to aid the attack. The attack was directed towards the Japanese camp setup designated on the Marshall and Gilbert islands. For the Americans, it was a complete slaughter thanks to numbers.

III. 1990. Nelson Mandela is Released from Prison

Image Source: Brittanica

Nelson Mandela was the South African president and an activist. He was eventually arrested for acts against the South African government, because he was pondering thoughts to overthrow it. This is treason, and by no means ethical to commit. When he was re-released, he became the first African man to be president in South Africa and won the 1997 Nobel Peace prize, in 2013 he passed away from a Lung Infection.




Most Anticipated Movies of 2022-2023 by Rasik Cruden 

The Batman (2022)

Batman is one of my favorite superheroes of all time and his new movie coming out really excites me. His new movie will contain The Riddler as the main villain, as well as Penguin and Catwoman. This movie looks like it’s going to be focused on Batman’s detective side and I don’t have a problem with that. Batman’s detective skills are a very cool attribute that sets him apart from other superheroes. Also the combat choreography and cinematography looks amazing. Overall, I am definitely watching this movie when it comes out. I have really high hopes. 

Doctor Strange: Multiverse of Madness (2022)

This movie looks very good so far. It looks like it will open many possibilities for the MCU in the future. There are a lot of rumors going around that marvel properties from other universes might come through into the MCU and I am excited to see who does. Also, I am interested to see what they do with Scarlet Witch because some people are saying she’s going to be the villain of this movie. But overall I am pretty excited for this.

Spider Man: Across The Spider-Verse Part One and Part Two (2022-2023)

The first animated Spider-Verse movie was amazing and was one of my (if not) favorite animated movies of all time. This sequel looks very promising. It has Miles, Gwen, and of course Spider-Man 2099, who I am really excited to see in this movie. There are also rumors that a couple other Spider-Men are going to be in this movie like the Spectacular Spider Man from the 2008-2009 show which was a very good show. This movie looks like it will be solid. 

  

Thor: Love and Thunder (2022)

Thor is one of the biggest heroes in the MCU and with his new movie coming out I am pretty excited. Thor Ragnarok was a very good MCU movie and I don’t think this new one will disappoint. This movie is set to feature older characters Like Jane Foster. She might also become Thor in this movie like in the comics. If they keep the comedic Thor from Ragnarok, then I think this movie will be really good. Overall, I have a good feeling about this movie


John Wick 4 (2023)

John Wick is a well known character, and his new movie coming out excites me. John Wick movies are usually very action packed and filled with many cool scenes. One thing about these movies is that it is pretty gory but besides that John Wick movies are usually really good and have a good connected story. I feel like this movie is going to be a sleeper pick. I'm pretty excited.   

 

The Flash (2022)

The Flash is a very good superhero and his new movie is going to change the DC Movie Franchise. In this movie The Flash is going back in time and changing the future. This movie is loosely based on the Flashpoint comic which is one of my favorite comics and is highly praised. Another thing that is going to be great in this movie is that Michael Keaton’s Batman is coming back from the old Batman movies. It has also been confirmed that it’s Ben Affleck's last film as Batman so they’re gonna make Michael Keaton’s Batman the main Batman. Overall I am very excited for this movie and I can’t wait to see what's in store. 


Uncharted (2022)

I am a pretty big fan of the Uncharted video games and they are now making a movie of it. I am very excited to see how the story in this movie is told and how close they get the action and story to the video game. I am also excited to see how they adapt the characters from the video game and if they get their characteristics right. One little thing I might have a problem with is the casting. Mark Wahlberg and Tom Holland are great actors, but I really don’t know if they fit the characters they’re playing. Other than that I am pretty excited overall. 


Knives Out 2 (2022)

The first Knives Out was a great detective movie with suspense and mystery. I am expecting the second one to be just as good. The first Knives Out movie had a star-studded cast, and the second one looks to be having one too, including Daniel Craig, Dave Bautista, Edward Norton, Leslie Odom Jr, and more. If this movie has the same feel as the first one, I feel like it will be good. 


How Face Masks Prevent the Spread of COVID 19 by Anna Searle

Why does the school require us to wear face masks? Can they slow the spread of COVID-19? 

Well yes, face masks can slow the spread of COVID-19 and that's why the school has us wearing them, but different masks work in different ways.  

According to Mayo Clinic, surgical masks (also called medical masks) are loose-fitting disposable masks.  These masks filter out large particles in the air and protect the wearer from contact with droplets and sprays that may contain germs. 

KN95 masks are better than surgical masks because they filter out both large and small particles. 

N95 masks work pretty much the same as KN95 masks. An N95 mask offers the highest level of protection out of all masks. 

Cloth masks trap droplets that are released when the wearer talks, coughs or sneezes. 

The most effective cloth masks are made of multiple layers. COVID 19 is transmitted by respiratory droplets that are released when people cough,sneeze or talk. When these droplets land on the mouth or nose of someone nearby or are inhaled, that person can contract the virus. 

This shows that when wearing a mask you are a lot better protected from COVID 19 than if you’re not.